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FEATURE_TEST_MACROS(7)              Linux Programmer's Manual              FEATURE_TEST_MACROS(7)



NAME
       feature_test_macros - feature test macros

SYNOPSIS
       #include <features.h>

DESCRIPTION
       Feature  test  macros  allow the programmer to control the definitions that are exposed by
       system header files when a program is compiled.

       NOTE: In order to be effective, a feature test macro must be defined before including  any
       header files.  This can be done either in the compilation command (cc -DMACRO=value) or by
       defining the macro within the source code before including any headers.

       Some feature test macros are useful for creating portable applications, by preventing non‐
       standard  definitions  from being exposed.  Other macros can be used to expose nonstandard
       definitions that are not exposed by default.  The precise effects of each of  the  feature
       test macros described below can be ascertained by inspecting the <features.h> header file.

   Specification of feature test macro requirements in manual pages
       When  a  function  requires that a feature test macro is defined, the manual page SYNOPSIS
       typically includes a note of the following form (this  example  from  the  acct(2)  manual
       page):

               #include <unistd.h>

               int acct(const char *filename);

           Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
           feature_test_macros(7)):

               acct(): _BSD_SOURCE || (_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE < 500)

       The || means that in order to obtain the declaration of acct(2) from <unistd.h>, either of
       the following macro definitions must be made before including any header files:

              #define _BSD_SOURCE
              #define _XOPEN_SOURCE        /* or any value < 500 */

       Alternatively, equivalent definitions can be included in the compilation command:

              cc -D_BSD_SOURCE
              cc -D_XOPEN_SOURCE           # Or any value < 500

       Note that, as described below, some feature test macros are defined by default, so that it
       may  not  always be necessary to explicitly specify the feature test macro(s) shown in the
       SYNOPSIS.

       In a few cases, manual pages use  a  shorthand  for  expressing  the  feature  test  macro
       requirements (this example from readahead(2)):

              #define _GNU_SOURCE
              #include <fcntl.h>

              ssize_t readahead(int fd, off64_t *offset, size_t count);

       This  format  is  employed  in cases where only a single feature test macro can be used to
       expose the function declaration, and that macro is not defined by default.

   Feature test macros understood by glibc
       The following paragraphs explain how feature test macros are handled in Linux glibc 2.x, x
       > 0.

       Linux glibc understands the following feature test macros:

       __STRICT_ANSI__
              ISO  Standard C.  This macro is implicitly defined by gcc(1) when invoked with, for
              example, the -std=c99 or -ansi flag.

       _POSIX_C_SOURCE
              Defining this macro causes header files to expose definitions as follows:

              ·  The value 1 exposes definitions conforming to POSIX.1-1990 and ISO C (1990).

              ·  The value 2 or greater additionally exposes definitions for POSIX.2-1992.

              ·  The value 199309L or  greater  additionally  exposes  definitions  for  POSIX.1b
                 (real-time extensions).

              ·  The  value  199506L  or  greater  additionally  exposes definitions for POSIX.1c
                 (threads).

              ·  (Since glibc 2.3.3) The value 200112L or greater  additionally  exposes  defini‐
                 tions  corresponding  to  the POSIX.1-2001 base specification (excluding the XSI
                 extension) and also causes C95 (since glibc 2.12) and  C99  (since  glibc  2.10)
                 features to be exposed.

              ·  (Since glibc 2.10) The value 200809L or greater additionally exposes definitions
                 corresponding to the POSIX.1-2008 base specification (excluding the  XSI  exten‐
                 sion).

       _POSIX_SOURCE
              Defining   this   obsolete   macro   with  any  value  is  equivalent  to  defining
              _POSIX_C_SOURCE with the value 1.

       _XOPEN_SOURCE
              Defining this macro causes header files to expose definitions as follows:

              ·  Defining with any value exposes definitions conforming to POSIX.1, POSIX.2,  and
                 XPG4.

              ·  The value 500 or greater additionally exposes definitions for SUSv2 (UNIX 98).

              ·  (Since  glibc 2.2) The value 600 or greater additionally exposes definitions for
                 SUSv3 (UNIX 03; i.e., the POSIX.1-2001 base specification plus  the  XSI  exten‐
                 sion) and C99 definitions.

              ·  (Since glibc 2.10) The value 700 or greater additionally exposes definitions for
                 SUSv4 (i.e., the POSIX.1-2008 base specification plus the XSI extension).

              If __STRICT_ANSI__ is not defined, or _XOPEN_SOURCE is defined with a value greater
              than  or  equal  to 500 and neither _POSIX_SOURCE not _POSIX_C_SOURCE is explicitly
              defined, then the following macros are implicitly defined:

              ·  _POSIX_SOURCE is defined with the value 1.

              ·  _POSIX_C_SOURCE is defined, according to the value of _XOPEN_SOURCE:

                     _XOPEN_SOURCE < 500
                            _POSIX_C_SOURCE is defined with the value 2.

                     500 <= _XOPEN_SOURCE < 600
                            _POSIX_C_SOURCE is defined with the value 199506L.

                     600 <= _XOPEN_SOURCE < 700
                            _POSIX_C_SOURCE is defined with the value 200112L.

                     700 <= _XOPEN_SOURCE (since glibc 2.10)
                            _POSIX_C_SOURCE is defined with the value 200809L.

       _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
              If this macro is defined, and _XOPEN_SOURCE is  defined,  then  expose  definitions
              corresponding  to the XPG4v2 (SUSv1) UNIX extensions (UNIX 95).  This macro is also
              implicitly defined if _XOPEN_SOURCE is defined with a value of 500 or more.

       _ISOC99_SOURCE (since glibc 2.1.3)
              Exposes declarations consistent with the ISO C99 standard.

              Earlier glibc 2.1.x versions recognized an equivalent  macro  named  _ISOC9X_SOURCE
              (because  the  C99 standard had not then been finalized).  Although the use of this
              macro is obsolete, glibc continues to recognize it for backward compatibility.

              Defining _ISOC99_SOURCE also exposes ISO C (1990) Amendment 1 ("C95")  definitions.
              (The primary change in C95 was support for international character sets.)

       _ISOC11_SOURCE (since glibc 2.16)
              Exposes  declarations  consistent  with  the ISO C11 standard.  Defining this macro
              also enables C99 and C95 features (like _ISOC99_SOURCE).

       _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE
              Expose definitions for the alternative API specified by the LFS (Large File Summit)
              as  a  "transitional  extension"  to  the  Single UNIX Specification.  (See ⟨http:/
              /opengroup.org/platform/lfs.html⟩.)  The alternative API consists of a set  of  new
              objects  (i.e.,  functions  and  types)  whose  names are suffixed with "64" (e.g.,
              off64_t versus off_t, lseek64() versus lseek(), etc.).   New  programs  should  not
              employ this macro; instead _FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 should be employed.

       _LARGEFILE_SOURCE
              This  macro  was  historically  used  to  expose  certain  functions  (specifically
              fseeko(3) and ftello(3)) that address limitations  of  earlier  APIs  (feek(3)  and
              ftell(3))  that use long int for file offsets.  This macro is implicitly defined if
              _XOPEN_SOURCE is defined with a value greater than or equal to 500.   New  programs
              should  not employ this macro; defining _XOPEN_SOURCE as just described or defining
              _FILE_OFFSET_BITS with the value 64 is the preferred mechanism to achieve the  same
              result.

       _FILE_OFFSET_BITS
              Defining  this  macro with the value 64 automatically converts references to 32-bit
              functions and data types related to file I/O and filesystem operations into  refer‐
              ences  to  their  64-bit  counterparts.  This is useful for performing I/O on large
              files (> 2 Gigabytes) on 32-bit systems.  (Defining this  macro  permits  correctly
              written programs to use large files with only a recompilation being required.)

              64-bit  systems  naturally permit file sizes greater than 2 Gigabytes, and on those
              systems this macro has no effect.

       _BSD_SOURCE (deprecated since glibc 2.20)
              Defining this macro with any value causes header files to expose BSD-derived  defi‐
              nitions.

              In  glibc  versions  up  to and including 2.18, defining this macro also causes BSD
              definitions to be preferred in some situations where standards conflict, unless one
              or   more   of   _SVID_SOURCE,   _POSIX_SOURCE,   _POSIX_C_SOURCE,   _XOPEN_SOURCE,
              _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED, or _GNU_SOURCE is defined, in which  case  BSD  definitions
              are  disfavored.  Since glibc 2.19, _BSD_SOURCE no longer causes BSD definitions to
              be preferred in case of conflicts.

              Since glibc 2.20, this macro is deprecated.  It now has the same effect as defining
              _DEFAULT_SOURCE,  but  generates  a compile-time warning (unless _DEFAULT_SOURCE is
              also  defined).   Use  _DEFAULT_SOURCE  instead.   To  allow  code  that   requires
              _BSD_SOURCE  in  glibc 2.19 and earlier and _DEFAULT_SOURCE in glibc 2.20 and later
              to compile without warnings, define both _BSD_SOURCE and _DEFAULT_SOURCE.

       _SVID_SOURCE (deprecated since glibc 2.20)
              Defining this macro with any value causes header files to expose  System  V-derived
              definitions.  (SVID == System V Interface Definition; see standards(7).)

              Since glibc 2.20, this macro is deprecated in the same fashion as _BSD_SOURCE.

       _DEFAULT_SOURCE (since glibc 2.19)
              This  macro  can  be  defined to ensure that the "default" definitions are provided
              even when the defaults would otherwise be  disabled,  as  happens  when  individual
              macros  are explicitly defined, or the compiler is invoked in one of its "standard"
              modes (e.g., cc -std=c99).  Defining _DEFAULT_SOURCE without defining  other  indi‐
              vidual  macros  or  invoking  the  compiler  in  one of its "standard" modes has no
              effect.

              The "default" definitions comprise those required by POSIX.1-2008 as well as  vari‐
              ous  definitions  derived  from BSD and System V.  On glibc 2.19 and earlier, these
              defaults were approximately equivalent to explicitly defining the following:

                  cc -D_BSD_SOURCE -D_SVID_SOURCE -D_POSIX_C_SOURCE=200809


       _ATFILE_SOURCE (since glibc 2.4)
              Defining this macro with any value causes header files to expose declarations of  a
              range  of  functions  with  the suffix "at"; see openat(2).  Since glibc 2.10, this
              macro is also implicitly defined if _POSIX_C_SOURCE is defined with a value greater
              than or equal to 200809L.

       _GNU_SOURCE
              Defining  this  macro  (with  any value) implicitly defines _ATFILE_SOURCE, _LARGE‐
              FILE64_SOURCE,     _ISOC99_SOURCE,      _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED,      _POSIX_SOURCE,
              _POSIX_C_SOURCE  with  the  value  200809L  (200112L in glibc versions before 2.10;
              199506L in glibc versions before 2.5; 199309L in glibc  versions  before  2.1)  and
              _XOPEN_SOURCE  with  the value 700 (600 in glibc versions before 2.10; 500 in glibc
              versions before 2.2).   In  addition,  various  GNU-specific  extensions  are  also
              exposed.

              Since  glibc  2.19, defining _GNU_SOURCE also has the effect of implicitly defining
              _DEFAULT_SOURCE.  In glibc versions before 2.20, defining _GNU_SOURCE also had  the
              effect of implicitly defining _BSD_SOURCE and _SVID_SOURCE.

       _REENTRANT
              Defining this macro exposes definitions of certain reentrant functions.  For multi‐
              threaded programs, use cc -pthread instead.

       _THREAD_SAFE
              Synonym for _REENTRANT, provided for compatibility with some other implementations.

       _FORTIFY_SOURCE (since glibc 2.3.4)
              Defining this macro causes some lightweight checks to be performed to  detect  some
              buffer  overflow errors when employing various string and memory manipulation func‐
              tions.  Not all buffer overflows are detected, just some common cases.

              In the current implementation, checks are added for calls to memcpy(3), mempcpy(3),
              memmove(3),  memset(3),  stpcpy(3),  strcpy(3),  strncpy(3), strcat(3), strncat(3),
              sprintf(3), snprintf(3), vsprintf(3), vsnprintf(3), and gets(3).

              If _FORTIFY_SOURCE is set to 1, with compiler optimization level  1  (gcc -O1)  and
              above,  checks  that  shouldn't change the behavior of conforming programs are per‐
              formed.  With _FORTIFY_SOURCE set to 2 some more checking is added, but  some  con‐
              forming  programs might fail.  Some of the checks can be performed at compile time,
              and result in compiler warnings; other checks take place at run time, and result in
              a run-time error if the check fails.

              Use  of  this  macro requires compiler support, available with gcc(1) since version
              4.0.

   Default definitions, implicit definitions, and combining definitions
       If no feature test macros are explicitly defined, then the following feature  test  macros
       are  defined  by  default: _BSD_SOURCE (in glibc 2.19 and earlier), _SVID_SOURCE (in glibc
       2.19   and   earlier),   _DEFAULT_SOURCE   (since   glibc   2.19),   _POSIX_SOURCE,    and
       _POSIX_C_SOURCE=200809L  (200112L in glibc versions before 2.10; 199506L in glibc versions
       before 2.4; 199309L in glibc versions before 2.1).

       If any of __STRICT_ANSI__, _ISOC99_SOURCE, _POSIX_SOURCE, _POSIX_C_SOURCE,  _XOPEN_SOURCE,
       _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED, _BSD_SOURCE (in glibc 2.19 and earlier), or _SVID_SOURCE (in glibc
       2.19  and  earlier)  is  explicitly   defined,   then   _BSD_SOURCE,   _SVID_SOURCE,   and
       _DEFAULT_SOURCE are not defined by default.

       If   _POSIX_SOURCE   and   _POSIX_C_SOURCE   are   not   explicitly  defined,  and  either
       __STRICT_ANSI__ is not defined or _XOPEN_SOURCE is defined with a value of  500  or  more,
       then

       *  _POSIX_SOURCE is defined with the value 1; and

       *  _POSIX_C_SOURCE is defined with one of the following values:

          ·  2, if _XOPEN_SOURCE is defined with a value less than 500;

          ·  199506L,  if  _XOPEN_SOURCE is defined with a value greater than or equal to 500 and
             less than 600; or

          ·  (since glibc 2.4) 200112L, if _XOPEN_SOURCE is defined with a value greater than  or
             equal to 600 and less than 700.

          ·  (Since glibc 2.10) 200809L, if _XOPEN_SOURCE is defined with a value greater than or
             equal to 700.

          ·  Older versions of glibc do not  know  about  the  values  200112L  and  200809L  for
             _POSIX_C_SOURCE, and the setting of this macro will depend on the glibc version.

          ·  If  _XOPEN_SOURCE  is  undefined, then the setting of _POSIX_C_SOURCE depends on the
             glibc version: 199506L, in glibc versions before 2.4; 200112L, in glibc 2.4 to  2.9;
             and 200809L, since glibc 2.10.

       Multiple macros can be defined; the results are additive.

CONFORMING TO
       POSIX.1      specifies      _POSIX_C_SOURCE,     _POSIX_SOURCE,     and     _XOPEN_SOURCE.
       _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED was specified by XPG4v2 (aka SUSv1).

       _FILE_OFFSET_BITS is not specified by any standard, but is employed on some  other  imple‐
       mentations.

       _BSD_SOURCE,  _SVID_SOURCE, _DEFAULT_SOURCE, _ATFILE_SOURCE, _GNU_SOURCE, _FORTIFY_SOURCE,
       _REENTRANT, and _THREAD_SAFE are specific to Linux (glibc).

NOTES
       <features.h> is a Linux/glibc-specific header file.  Other systems have an analogous file,
       but  typically with a different name.  This header file is automatically included by other
       header files as required: it is not necessary to explicitly include it in order to  employ
       feature test macros.

       According  to  which of the above feature test macros are defined, <features.h> internally
       defines various other macros that are checked by other glibc header files.   These  macros
       have  names  prefixed by two underscores (e.g., __USE_MISC).  Programs should never define
       these macros directly: instead, the appropriate feature test macro(s) from the list  above
       should be employed.

EXAMPLE
       The  program  below  can  be  used  to explore how the various feature test macros are set
       depending on the glibc version and what feature test macros are explicitly set.  The  fol‐
       lowing  shell  session,  on a system with glibc 2.10, shows some examples of what we would
       see:

           $ cc ftm.c
           $ ./a.out
           _POSIX_SOURCE defined
           _POSIX_C_SOURCE defined: 200809L
           _BSD_SOURCE defined
           _SVID_SOURCE defined
           _ATFILE_SOURCE defined
           $ cc -D_XOPEN_SOURCE=500 ftm.c
           $ ./a.out
           _POSIX_SOURCE defined
           _POSIX_C_SOURCE defined: 199506L
           _XOPEN_SOURCE defined: 500
           $ cc -D_GNU_SOURCE ftm.c
           $ ./a.out
           _POSIX_SOURCE defined
           _POSIX_C_SOURCE defined: 200809L
           _ISOC99_SOURCE defined
           _XOPEN_SOURCE defined: 700
           _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED defined
           _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE defined
           _BSD_SOURCE defined
           _SVID_SOURCE defined
           _ATFILE_SOURCE defined
           _GNU_SOURCE defined

   Program source

       /* ftm.c */

       #include <stdio.h>
       #include <unistd.h>
       #include <stdlib.h>

       int
       main(int argc, char *argv[])
       {
       #ifdef _POSIX_SOURCE
           printf("_POSIX_SOURCE defined\n");
       #endif

       #ifdef _POSIX_C_SOURCE
           printf("_POSIX_C_SOURCE defined: %ldL\n", (long) _POSIX_C_SOURCE);
       #endif

       #ifdef _ISOC99_SOURCE
           printf("_ISOC99_SOURCE defined\n");
       #endif

       #ifdef _ISOC11_SOURCE
           printf("_ISOC11_SOURCE defined\n");
       #endif

       #ifdef _XOPEN_SOURCE
           printf("_XOPEN_SOURCE defined: %d\n", _XOPEN_SOURCE);
       #endif

       #ifdef _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
           printf("_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED defined\n");
       #endif

       #ifdef _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE
           printf("_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE defined\n");
       #endif

       #ifdef _FILE_OFFSET_BITS
           printf("_FILE_OFFSET_BITS defined: %d\n", _FILE_OFFSET_BITS);
       #endif

       #ifdef _BSD_SOURCE
           printf("_BSD_SOURCE defined\n");
       #endif

       #ifdef _SVID_SOURCE
           printf("_SVID_SOURCE defined\n");
       #endif

       #ifdef _DEFAULT_SOURCE
           printf("_DEFAULT_SOURCE defined\n");
       #endif

       #ifdef _ATFILE_SOURCE
           printf("_ATFILE_SOURCE defined\n");
       #endif

       #ifdef _GNU_SOURCE
           printf("_GNU_SOURCE defined\n");
       #endif

       #ifdef _REENTRANT
           printf("_REENTRANT defined\n");
       #endif

       #ifdef _THREAD_SAFE
           printf("_THREAD_SAFE defined\n");
       #endif

       #ifdef _FORTIFY_SOURCE
           printf("_FORTIFY_SOURCE defined\n");
       #endif

           exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
       }

SEE ALSO
       libc(7), standards(7)

       The section "Feature Test Macros" under info libc.

       /usr/include/features.h

COLOPHON
       This page is part of release 3.74 of the Linux man-pages project.  A  description  of  the
       project,  information  about  reporting  bugs, and the latest version of this page, can be
       found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.



Linux                                       2014-03-20                     FEATURE_TEST_MACROS(7)


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