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Opcode(3perl) - phpMan
Opcode(3perl) Perl Programmers Reference Guide Opcode(3perl)
NAME
Opcode - Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
SYNOPSIS
use Opcode;
DESCRIPTION
Perl code is always compiled into an internal format before execution.
Evaluating perl code (e.g. via "eval" or "do 'file'") causes the code to be compiled into
an internal format and then, provided there was no error in the compilation, executed.
The internal format is based on many distinct opcodes.
By default no opmask is in effect and any code can be compiled.
The Opcode module allow you to define an operator mask to be in effect when perl next
compiles any code. Attempting to compile code which contains a masked opcode will cause
the compilation to fail with an error. The code will not be executed.
NOTE
The Opcode module is not usually used directly. See the ops pragma and Safe modules for
more typical uses.
WARNING
The authors make no warranty, implied or otherwise, about the suitability of this software
for safety or security purposes.
The authors shall not in any case be liable for special, incidental, consequential,
indirect or other similar damages arising from the use of this software.
Your mileage will vary. If in any doubt do not use it.
Operator Names and Operator Lists
The canonical list of operator names is the contents of the array PL_op_name defined and
initialised in file opcode.h of the Perl source distribution (and installed into the perl
library).
Each operator has both a terse name (its opname) and a more verbose or recognisable
descriptive name. The opdesc function can be used to return a list of descriptions for a
list of operators.
Many of the functions and methods listed below take a list of operators as parameters.
Most operator lists can be made up of several types of element. Each element can be one of
an operator name (opname)
Operator names are typically small lowercase words like enterloop, leaveloop,
last, next, redo etc. Sometimes they are rather cryptic like gv2cv, i_ncmp and
ftsvtx.
an operator tag name (optag)
Operator tags can be used to refer to groups (or sets) of operators. Tag names
always begin with a colon. The Opcode module defines several optags and the user
can define others using the define_optag function.
a negated opname or optag
An opname or optag can be prefixed with an exclamation mark, e.g., !mkdir.
Negating an opname or optag means remove the corresponding ops from the
accumulated set of ops at that point.
an operator set (opset)
An opset as a binary string of approximately 44 bytes which holds a set or zero or
more operators.
The opset and opset_to_ops functions can be used to convert from a list of
operators to an opset and vice versa.
Wherever a list of operators can be given you can use one or more opsets. See
also Manipulating Opsets below.
Opcode Functions
The Opcode package contains functions for manipulating operator names tags and sets. All
are available for export by the package.
opcodes In a scalar context opcodes returns the number of opcodes in this version of perl
(around 350 for perl-5.7.0).
In a list context it returns a list of all the operator names. (Not yet
implemented, use @names = opset_to_ops(full_opset).)
opset (OP, ...)
Returns an opset containing the listed operators.
opset_to_ops (OPSET)
Returns a list of operator names corresponding to those operators in the set.
opset_to_hex (OPSET)
Returns a string representation of an opset. Can be handy for debugging.
full_opset
Returns an opset which includes all operators.
empty_opset
Returns an opset which contains no operators.
invert_opset (OPSET)
Returns an opset which is the inverse set of the one supplied.
verify_opset (OPSET, ...)
Returns true if the supplied opset looks like a valid opset (is the right length
etc) otherwise it returns false. If an optional second parameter is true then
verify_opset will croak on an invalid opset instead of returning false.
Most of the other Opcode functions call verify_opset automatically and will croak
if given an invalid opset.
define_optag (OPTAG, OPSET)
Define OPTAG as a symbolic name for OPSET. Optag names always start with a colon
":".
The optag name used must not be defined already (define_optag will croak if it is
already defined). Optag names are global to the perl process and optag definitions
cannot be altered or deleted once defined.
It is strongly recommended that applications using Opcode should use a leading
capital letter on their tag names since lowercase names are reserved for use by
the Opcode module. If using Opcode within a module you should prefix your tags
names with the name of your module to ensure uniqueness and thus avoid clashes
with other modules.
opmask_add (OPSET)
Adds the supplied opset to the current opmask. Note that there is currently no
mechanism for unmasking ops once they have been masked. This is intentional.
opmask Returns an opset corresponding to the current opmask.
opdesc (OP, ...)
This takes a list of operator names and returns the corresponding list of operator
descriptions.
opdump (PAT)
Dumps to STDOUT a two column list of op names and op descriptions. If an optional
pattern is given then only lines which match the (case insensitive) pattern will
be output.
It's designed to be used as a handy command line utility:
perl -MOpcode=opdump -e opdump
perl -MOpcode=opdump -e 'opdump Eval'
Manipulating Opsets
Opsets may be manipulated using the perl bit vector operators & (and), | (or), ^ (xor) and
~ (negate/invert).
However you should never rely on the numerical position of any opcode within the opset. In
other words both sides of a bit vector operator should be opsets returned from Opcode
functions.
Also, since the number of opcodes in your current version of perl might not be an exact
multiple of eight, there may be unused bits in the last byte of an upset. This should not
cause any problems (Opcode functions ignore those extra bits) but it does mean that using
the ~ operator will typically not produce the same 'physical' opset 'string' as the
invert_opset function.
TO DO (maybe)
$bool = opset_eq($opset1, $opset2) true if opsets are logically
equivalent
$yes = opset_can($opset, @ops) true if $opset has all @ops set
@diff = opset_diff($opset1, $opset2) => ('foo', '!bar', ...)
Predefined Opcode Tags
:base_core
null stub scalar pushmark wantarray const defined undef
rv2sv sassign
rv2av aassign aelem aelemfast aelemfast_lex aslice kvaslice
av2arylen
rv2hv helem hslice kvhslice each values keys exists delete
aeach akeys avalues reach rvalues rkeys
preinc i_preinc predec i_predec postinc i_postinc
postdec i_postdec int hex oct abs pow multiply i_multiply
divide i_divide modulo i_modulo add i_add subtract i_subtract
left_shift right_shift bit_and bit_xor bit_or negate i_negate
not complement
lt i_lt gt i_gt le i_le ge i_ge eq i_eq ne i_ne ncmp i_ncmp
slt sgt sle sge seq sne scmp
substr vec stringify study pos length index rindex ord chr
ucfirst lcfirst uc lc fc quotemeta trans transr chop schop
chomp schomp
match split qr
list lslice splice push pop shift unshift reverse
cond_expr flip flop andassign orassign dorassign and or dor xor
warn die lineseq nextstate scope enter leave
rv2cv anoncode prototype coreargs
entersub leavesub leavesublv return method method_named
-- XXX loops via recursion?
leaveeval -- needed for Safe to operate, is safe
without entereval
:base_mem
These memory related ops are not included in :base_core because they can easily be
used to implement a resource attack (e.g., consume all available memory).
concat repeat join range
anonlist anonhash
Note that despite the existence of this optag a memory resource attack may still be
possible using only :base_core ops.
Disabling these ops is a very heavy handed way to attempt to prevent a memory
resource attack. It's probable that a specific memory limit mechanism will be added
to perl in the near future.
:base_loop
These loop ops are not included in :base_core because they can easily be used to
implement a resource attack (e.g., consume all available CPU time).
grepstart grepwhile
mapstart mapwhile
enteriter iter
enterloop leaveloop unstack
last next redo
goto
:base_io
These ops enable filehandle (rather than filename) based input and output. These are
safe on the assumption that only pre-existing filehandles are available for use.
Usually, to create new filehandles other ops such as open would need to be enabled,
if you don't take into account the magical open of ARGV.
readline rcatline getc read
formline enterwrite leavewrite
print say sysread syswrite send recv
eof tell seek sysseek
readdir telldir seekdir rewinddir
:base_orig
These are a hotchpotch of opcodes still waiting to be considered
gvsv gv gelem
padsv padav padhv padcv padany padrange introcv clonecv
once
rv2gv refgen srefgen ref
bless -- could be used to change ownership of objects
(reblessing)
pushre regcmaybe regcreset regcomp subst substcont
sprintf prtf -- can core dump
crypt
tie untie
dbmopen dbmclose
sselect select
pipe_op sockpair
getppid getpgrp setpgrp getpriority setpriority
localtime gmtime
entertry leavetry -- can be used to 'hide' fatal errors
entergiven leavegiven
enterwhen leavewhen
break continue
smartmatch
custom -- where should this go
:base_math
These ops are not included in :base_core because of the risk of them being used to
generate floating point exceptions (which would have to be caught using a $SIG{FPE}
handler).
atan2 sin cos exp log sqrt
These ops are not included in :base_core because they have an effect beyond the scope
of the compartment.
rand srand
:base_thread
These ops are related to multi-threading.
lock
:default
A handy tag name for a reasonable default set of ops. (The current ops allowed are
unstable while development continues. It will change.)
:base_core :base_mem :base_loop :base_orig :base_thread
This list used to contain :base_io prior to Opcode 1.07.
If safety matters to you (and why else would you be using the Opcode module?) then
you should not rely on the definition of this, or indeed any other, optag!
:filesys_read
stat lstat readlink
ftatime ftblk ftchr ftctime ftdir fteexec fteowned
fteread ftewrite ftfile ftis ftlink ftmtime ftpipe
ftrexec ftrowned ftrread ftsgid ftsize ftsock ftsuid
fttty ftzero ftrwrite ftsvtx
fttext ftbinary
fileno
:sys_db
ghbyname ghbyaddr ghostent shostent ehostent -- hosts
gnbyname gnbyaddr gnetent snetent enetent -- networks
gpbyname gpbynumber gprotoent sprotoent eprotoent -- protocols
gsbyname gsbyport gservent sservent eservent -- services
gpwnam gpwuid gpwent spwent epwent getlogin -- users
ggrnam ggrgid ggrent sgrent egrent -- groups
:browse
A handy tag name for a reasonable default set of ops beyond the :default optag. Like
:default (and indeed all the other optags) its current definition is unstable while
development continues. It will change.
The :browse tag represents the next step beyond :default. It it a superset of the
:default ops and adds :filesys_read the :sys_db. The intent being that scripts can
access more (possibly sensitive) information about your system but not be able to
change it.
:default :filesys_read :sys_db
:filesys_open
sysopen open close
umask binmode
open_dir closedir -- other dir ops are in :base_io
:filesys_write
link unlink rename symlink truncate
mkdir rmdir
utime chmod chown
fcntl -- not strictly filesys related, but possibly as
dangerous?
:subprocess
backtick system
fork
wait waitpid
glob -- access to Cshell via <`rm *`>
:ownprocess
exec exit kill
time tms -- could be used for timing attacks (paranoid?)
:others
This tag holds groups of assorted specialist opcodes that don't warrant having optags
defined for them.
SystemV Interprocess Communications:
msgctl msgget msgrcv msgsnd
semctl semget semop
shmctl shmget shmread shmwrite
:load
This tag holds opcodes related to loading modules and getting information about
calling environment and args.
require dofile
caller runcv
:still_to_be_decided
chdir
flock ioctl
socket getpeername ssockopt
bind connect listen accept shutdown gsockopt getsockname
sleep alarm -- changes global timer state and signal handling
sort -- assorted problems including core dumps
tied -- can be used to access object implementing a tie
pack unpack -- can be used to create/use memory pointers
hintseval -- constant op holding eval hints
entereval -- can be used to hide code from initial compile
reset
dbstate -- perl -d version of nextstate(ment) opcode
:dangerous
This tag is simply a bucket for opcodes that are unlikely to be used via a tag name
but need to be tagged for completeness and documentation.
syscall dump chroot
SEE ALSO
ops -- perl pragma interface to Opcode module.
Safe -- Opcode and namespace limited execution compartments
AUTHORS
Originally designed and implemented by Malcolm Beattie, mbeattie AT sable.uk as part of
Safe version 1.
Split out from Safe module version 1, named opcode tags and other changes added by Tim
Bunce.
perl v5.20.2 2014-12-27 Opcode(3perl)
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