QSORT(3)                  OpenBSD Programmer's Manual                 QSORT(3)

NAME
     qsort, heapsort, mergesort - sort functions

SYNOPSIS
     #include <stdlib.h>

     void
     qsort(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
             int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));

     int
     heapsort(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
             int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));

     int
     mergesort(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
             int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));

DESCRIPTION
     The qsort() function is a modified partition-exchange sort, or quicksort.
     The heapsort() function is a modified selection sort.  The mergesort()
     function is a modified merge sort with exponential search intended for
     sorting data with pre-existing order.

     The qsort() and heapsort() functions sort an array of nmemb objects, the
     initial member of which is pointed to by base.  The size of each object
     is specified by size.  mergesort() behaves similarly, but requires that
     size be greater than ``sizeof(void *) / 2''.

     The contents of the array base are sorted in ascending order according to
     a comparison function pointed to by compar, which requires two arguments
     pointing to the objects being compared.

     The comparison function must return an integer less than, equal to, or
     greater than zero if the first argument is considered to be respectively
     less than, equal to, or greater than the second.

     The functions qsort() and heapsort() are not stable, that is, if two mem-
     bers compare as equal, their order in the sorted array is undefined.  The
     function mergesort() is stable.

     The qsort() function is an implementation of C.A.R. Hoare's ``quicksort''
     algorithm, a variant of partition-exchange sorting; in particular, see
     D.E. Knuth's Algorithm Q.  qsort() takes O N lg N average time.  This im-
     plementation uses median selection to avoid its O N**2 worst-case behav-
     ior.

     The heapsort() function is an implementation of J.W.J. William's
     ``heapsort'' algorithm, a variant of selection sorting; in particular,
     see D.E. Knuth's Algorithm H.  heapsort() takes O N lg N worst-case time.
     This implementation of heapsort() is implemented without recursive func-
     tion calls.

     The function mergesort() requires additional memory of size nmemb * size
     bytes; it should be used only when space is not at a premium.
     mergesort() is optimized for data with pre-existing order; its worst case
     time is O N lg N; its best case is O N.

     Normally, qsort() is faster than mergesort(), which is faster than
     heapsort().  Memory availability and pre-existing order in the data can
     make this untrue.

RETURN VALUES
     The qsort() function returns no value.

     Upon successful completion, heapsort() and mergesort() return 0.  Other-
     wise, they return -1 and the global variable errno is set to indicate the
     error.

ERRORS
     The heapsort() and mergesort() functions succeed unless:

     [EINVAL]      The size argument is zero, or the size argument to
                   mergesort() is less than ``sizeof(void *) / 2''.

     [ENOMEM]      heapsort() or mergesort() were unable to allocate memory.

SEE ALSO
     sort(1), radixsort(3)

     Hoare, C.A.R., "Quicksort", The Computer Journal, 5:1, pp. 10-15, 1962.

     Williams, J.W.J, "Heapsort", Communications of the ACM, 7:1, pp. 347-348,
     1964.

     Knuth, D.E., "Sorting and Searching", The Art of Computer Programming,
     Vol. 3, pp. 114-123, 145-149, 1968.

     McIlroy, P.M., "Optimistic Sorting and Information Theoretic Complexity",
     Fourth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, pp. 467-464,
     January 1993.

     Bentley, J.L. and McIlroy, M.D., "Engineering a Sort Function", Software
     - Practice and Experience, Vol. 23(11), pp. 1249-1265, November 1993.

STANDARDS
     Previous versions of qsort() did not permit the comparison routine itself
     to call qsort().  This is no longer true.

     The qsort() function conforms to ANSI X3.159-1989 (``ANSI C'').

OpenBSD 4.5                      May 31, 2007                                2